{"id":1894,"date":"2016-01-25T15:04:14","date_gmt":"2016-01-25T23:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/?page_id=1894"},"modified":"2016-05-29T16:36:01","modified_gmt":"2016-05-29T23:36:01","slug":"access-and-transportation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/","title":{"rendered":"Access and Transportation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-1894\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-1894-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-1894-0\" ><div id=\"pgc-1894-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1894-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1894-0-0-0\" ><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h2>Main Sections<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-1894-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1894-0-0-1\" ><ul id=\"menu-sections-menu-closed\" class=\"menu\"><li  class=\"menu-table-of-contents menu-item-2626 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/table-of-contents\/\"><span>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-general-information sf-dropdown menu-item-2354 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/\"><span>GENERAL INFORMATION<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-purpose-and-scope menu-item-2623 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/purpose-and-scope\/\"><span>Purpose and Scope<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-development-plan menu-item-2621 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/development-plan\/\"><span>Development Plan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-area-description menu-item-2620 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/area-description\/\"><span>Area Description<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-resource-management-direction menu-item-2622 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/resource-management-direction\/\"><span>Resource Management Direction<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-regulatory-context menu-item-2624 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/regulatory-context\/\"><span>Regulatory Context<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-the-role-of-information menu-item-2625 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/general-information\/role-of-information\/\"><span>The Role of Information<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-community-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2351 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/\"><span>COMMUNITY SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-access-and-transportation menu-item-2605 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/\"><span>Access and Transportation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-communities menu-item-2606 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/communities\/\"><span>Communities<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-visual-landscape-management menu-item-2609 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/visual-landscape-management\/\"><span>Visual Landscape Management<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-cultural-and-historical-resources menu-item-2607 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/cultural-and-historical-resources\/\"><span>Cultural and Historical Resources<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-first-nations menu-item-2608 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/first-nations\/\"><span>First Nations<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-economic-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2352 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/\"><span>ECONOMIC SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-agriculture-and-range menu-item-2610 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/agriculture-and-range\/\"><span>Agriculture and Range<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-crown-land-and-water menu-item-2611 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/crown-land-and-water\/\"><span>Crown Land and Water<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-energy-and-minerals menu-item-2612 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/energy-and-minerals\/\"><span>Energy and Minerals<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-timber-and-silviculture menu-item-2613 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/timber-and-silviculture\/\"><span>Timber and Silviculture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-tourism-and-recreation menu-item-2614 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/economic-sections\/tourism-and-recreation\/\"><span>Tourism and Recreation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-environmental-sections sf-dropdown menu-item-2353 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/\"><span>ENVIRONMENTAL SECTIONS<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu sf-dropdown-menu dropdown\">\n\t<li  class=\"menu-fish-and-riparian-habitat menu-item-2615 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/fish-and-riparian-habitat\/\"><span>Fish and Riparian Habitat<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-forest-and-grassland-ecosystems menu-item-2616 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/biodiversity\/\"><span>Forest and Grassland Ecosystems<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-protected-areas menu-item-2618 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/protected-areas\/\"><span>Protected Areas<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-plants menu-item-2617 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/plants\/\"><span>Plants<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t<li  class=\"menu-wildlife menu-item-2619 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/environmental-sections\/wildlife\/\"><span>Wildlife<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-implementation menu-item-2356 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/implementation-monitoring-and-amendment\/\"><span>IMPLEMENTATION<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-glossary menu-item-2355 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/glossary\/\"><span>GLOSSARY<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1894-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1894-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Access and Transportation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Sound management of access and transportation is needed for the sustainable development of the area\u2019s abundant resources. The first part of this section addresses access management; the second part,\u00a0transportation.<\/p>\n<p>A study was conducted in Alberta to determine the effects of roads on the demography of grizzly bears. Grizzly bear populations are heavily impacted by road access into their habitat. It was the aim of the study to determine the direct effects roads have on grizzly bears. The roads used in this project were mostly resource-based gravel roads in the province of Alberta. The data used in this project was from another larger study conducted with collared bears. Survival and reproductive rate estimates were determined and a demographic model was created resulting in a road density threshold estimate.<\/p>\n<p>In total, 142 monitored bears were used in the study, with 22 occurred mortalities in the group. Out of those mortalities, 19 occurred within 500 m of a road. The reproductive rate was estimated to be 2.11 cubs per female per year and it is assumed that females with cubs or yearlings have a higher mortality risk than females without any cubs or two year olds. Females with cubs could have a lower survival rate due to the fact that they occur closer to roads because male bears do the opposite. However, males were still more prone to mortalities than females in general.<\/p>\n<p>Both survival rate and reproduction are important factors when it come to population management. A road density threshold of 0.75 km\/km2 would ensure more stability regarding grizzly bear populations. However, if a similar survival rate for both females with and without cubs is assumed a threshold of 1.25 km\/km2 could still be manageable. Not only road density but also traffic volume should be considered in road management even on resource-based gravel roads.<\/p>\n<p>In conclusion, different ages and sex of bears have different survival rates regarding roads, however, not only survival rates but also reproduction must be looked at when planning population management. Females with cubs have a lower survival rate than females without cubs but males have a lower survival rate than females. For management it is recommended to keep road density at 0.75 km\/km2 or below and to consider traffic volume as well.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/asset?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0115535.PDF\">The Impact of Roads on the Demography of Grizzly Bears in Alberta<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Assessing the wildlife response towards roads is difficult for several reasons such as different effects of road density. Roads not only have an effect on the behaviour of animals but also on the population number, as many die in collisions with cars or get separated from the rest of the group.\u00a0 It is important to understand these responses the animals have towards road density and determine a threshold for road density.<\/p>\n<p>A movement-based model was created which was based on elk in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. Maintained gravel roads were the focus of the study. Throughout almost the whole study area there were no roads with a lower density than 1.6 km of road\/km2. With the increase of road density and road network the survival rate and the habitat accessibility decreased.<\/p>\n<p>The study identified a potential threshold between 0.25 km and 0.5 km of road\/km2. It was also determined that a road density of above 1.25 km\/km2 would mean a continual increase in mortality risk. Elk seem to avoid roads in areas where they are hunted but not in areas where hunting is restricted. The road design can have a big influence when for example forage habitats are abundant and the roads would move away from these areas. In this case, the elk could move around without encountering many roads. However, if a road goes straight through a clearcut, the elk would avoid the whole forage habitat. With the knowledge that the road design can have an impact on how wildlife responds\u00a0 it is possible to expand the road network while ensuring the safety of the ecosystem. However, this does not replace the reduction of road density and road-less areas as tools to protect wildlife, for they are still much more effective.<\/p>\n<p>In conclusion, road networks can reduce or isolate populations of wildlife and therefore affect the ecosystem negatively. With the creation of a movement-based model it was possible to determine a potential threshold between 0.25 km\/km2 and 0.5 km\/km2. The road design, together with reduction of road density and road-less areas, can help in the protection of wildlife like the elk.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01526.x\/pdf\">Threshold in Landscape Connectivity and Mortality Risks in Response to Growing Road Networks<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Eleven organizations, with various focuses (recreational, conservation and ranching) began a partnership through the creation of the Coalition for the Licensing and Registration of Off-Road Vehicles (ORV) in the province of British Columbia. They aim to mitigate the issue related to ORV uses in order to be able to maintain positive aspects of ORV activities while limiting its negative impacts on the environment, wildlife, other users and industries. The first step in the process of ORV management improvements is the establishment of registration, licensing and management strategies of off-road vehicles and with the revenues associated, the creation of a Trust Fund that would be used for ORV management programs. After three years of work, including public and stakeholder consultation, the ORV Coalition proposed to the government 47 recommendations that are intended to lead to concrete changes of ORV legislation.<\/p>\n<p>The first main topic of the recommendations provided is Legislation which mainly concerns the creation of an ORV Act in collaboration with the ORV Coalition. The second topic is the Vehicle registration and licensing, and trust fund. The last topic is Management which concerns education, safety, trails, conservation and compliance and enforcement issues. For the trails, the ORV Coalition recommends the use of the Trust Funds for the responsible development, maintenance and enhancement of trails, ensuring safety, environment preservation, mitigation of impacts on other users and governmental approval. Another important regulation concerning trails is the consultation and education of all users and stakeholders. Regarding conservation, the ORV Coalition recommends, among others, to address the lack of environment protection laws to discourage misbehaviour from irresponsible ORV users and recommends also to encourage partnership between responsible ORV users groups, government and conservation groups and to allow them to use the Trust Fund to mitigate the negative impacts to environment that are related to ORV use. In the same idea ORV users should be prohibited to come out of the roads and trails in areas identified as environmentally sensitive. As for trail construction, stakeholders should be consulted. The management of recreational access has not been addressed here, but is of important concern.<\/p>\n<p>The 47 recommendations on which this report has been created benefit government for several reasons including improvement of safety and environment protection legislation, reduction of conflicts, red tape and costs, and increase of revenue.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okanagantrailriders.com\/news\/ORVFinalReportDec12.pdf\">Solution for a Sustainable Future: Final Recommendations for Registration, Licensing and Management of Off-Road Vehicles in British Columbia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-1894-0-2\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1894-0-2-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-1894-0-2-0\" ><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Access and Transportation<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-access-and-transportation\" class=\"menu\"><li  class=\"menu-access-and-trails menu-item-2013 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/access-and-trails\/\"><span>Access and Trails<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li  class=\"menu-transportation menu-item-2014 menu-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/transportation\/\"><span>Transportation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Main Sections Sound management of access and transportation is needed for the sustainable development of the area\u2019s abundant resources. The first part of this section addresses access management; the second part,\u00a0transportation.A study was conducted in Alberta to determine the effects &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/community-sections\/access-and-transportation\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":1879,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1894"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1894"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2953,"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1894\/revisions\/2953"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.south-chilcotin.stewardship.foundation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}